Special Edition 2018
Contents
Editorial
Tasleem Shakur & Eamon Reid 1 – 8 Click here for full text
Recreated Spaces, Transformed Communities and Contested Sustainability
Commentary
Beata Labun 9-47 Click here for full text
Provos, White Bikes and New Anitas Amsterdam´s Counter Culture and Free
Places in the 1960s and 1970s versus Contemporary Cultural Incubators
Articles
1: Emma Louise Grayson 48-66 Click here for full text
The Future of sustainable communities: A comparative
study between Lancaster CoHousing and Amsterdam De Ceuvel
2: Declan Fairey 67-85 Click here for full text
An investigation into the repurposing of post-industrial waterfront
Spaces: The cases of the Baltic Triangle, Liverpool, and NDSM-werf, Amsterdam
3: Ayşe Duygu Kaçar & Dr. Açalya Alpan 86-100 Click here for full text
The Revival of the Industrial Heritage in Eskisehir-Turkey Through the
Rehabilitation of the Porsuk River
4: Konstantina Zerva, Saida Palou, Dani Blasco, and Jose Antonio Donaire Benit 101-115 Click here for full text
Tourism-Phillia Vs Tourism-Phobia: Evolution of Residents and DMO’s
Perceptions in Barcelona
Conference Report
Eamon Reid 116-121 Click here for full text
Regeneration of Disused Industrial Heritage Spaces of Europe and
Beyond: Recreated Spaces, Transformed Communities and
Contested Sustainability
Abstracts
Editorial:
Tasleem Shakur & Eamon Reid
Recreated Spaces, Transformed Communities and Contested Sustainability
While many large high rise housing blocks, designed and constructed during the post-war Modernist period are being demolished in many parts of Western Europe (as dissatisfied communities have caused a rise it anti-social activities), there also seems to be a rise of an interesting new phenomenon: satisfied communities living in the old quarters of the historic cities of the world, or in the fringe derelict areas of Europe. These are regenerated and inspired community spaces created in the old city centres like in Bursa (Turkey) or in the fringe urban areas of historic port cities in the Netherlands (NDSM and De Ceuvel in Amsterdam)
Commentary:
Beata Labun
Provos, White Bikes and New Anitas Amsterdam´s Counter Culture and Free Places in the 1960s and 1970s versus Contemporary Cultural Incubators
Amsterdam´s alternative urban spaces like the NDSM shipyard, De Ceuvel, De Nieuwe Anita, OT301, OCCII, Pakhuis Wilhelmina, Joe´s Garage, Vrankrijk, and Paradiso are considered Amsterdam´s rough, arty, free, naughty, best party spots. They are the places you go to after you have seen the canal district, the red-light district, the coffeeshops, the Rijksmuseum, and Van Gogh´s paintings. These alternative places pose as Amsterdam´s Berlin, even as Amsterdam´s Christiania. There you breathe “the air of freedom.” These spaces echo the flair of the 1960s countercultural movements, that occupied derelict buildings and turned them into underground hotspots. This retrospect takes us back to Amsterdam´s Provo movement, and the transformation of its legacy: the hyper-organized and politicized squatter communities in the city center in the 1970s, their violent clearings in the 1980s, the occupation of the southern city docks in the 1990s, the squatters´ jump over the waterway ´t Ij to Amsterdam North, and the subsequent creation of the contemporary cultural incubators like NDSM.
Articles:
1. Emma Louise Grayson
The Future of sustainable communities: A comparative study between Lancaster CoHousing and Amsterdam De Ceuvel
This paper is a comparative study looking into two different forms of sustainable communities. These different forms include looking into the working environment and a housing development. These include two different projects around Europe are; the CoHousing Project in Lancaster England and the De Ceuvel Project in Amsterdam. Lancaster is a sustainable housing development and De Ceuvel is a sustainable working settlement. This article examines the different features of the sustainable communities and compares them. These include features such as, green architecture, the identity of the area, the sense of place and other factors which influence the success of sustainability of the areas. This research includes using both primary and secondary data to help compare the feature within both sites. The data shows that there are clear similarities and differences between the different developments, including green architecture strategies, sustainable design and economic influences. There are differences in the styles which have been shown to work in the favour of the different development functions. Research into green architecture and sustainable design projects is extremely important due to the worrying problematic that is global warming and climate change. It could be argued that new sustainable developments are crucial for future generations. This research paper is adapted from my dissertation (see Grayson, 2018) where I compared and analysed both sites.
2. Declan Fairey
An investigation into the repurposing of post-industrial waterfront Spaces: The cases of the Baltic Triangle, Liverpool, and NDSM-werf, Amsterdam
The repurposing of post-industrial waterfront spaces in Western Europe following the decline of 20th century industrial dockland activity can be viewed as representative of broader transitions away from secondary-sector production-based economies and towards the industries associated with the tertiary sector. However, previous research relating specifically to such areas following the aforementioned changes, including assessment of the attitudes of those utilising the spaces, has been relatively sparse. Key questions regarding how to preserve cultural identity associated with heritage and regional history remain unanswered. The key study site was the Baltic Triangle area of Liverpool city centre, which has experienced a ‘renaissance’ in recent years following the success of independent businesses such as the Baltic Market. Comparisons are drawn with NDSM-werf in Amsterdam, a repurposed Dockland space in the north of Amsterdam which was dramatically transformed following industrial decline in that city. Similarities and differences between the two areas are assessed. The results of the survey reveal which locations within the Baltic Triangle area are most frequently visited, highlight general attitudes of visitors towards the area, and indicate which places within Liverpool are considered to possess ‘Cultural Significance’ according to those in the sample population of 108 individuals. Information obtained helps to reveal the key challenges which both areas face in the future. One possible way in which to safeguard cultural identity in NDSM may involve long-term leases on land with fixed conditions, as are currently in operation in the Baltic Triangle through the Baltic Creative company (CIC).
3. Ayşe Duygu Kaçar & Dr. Açalya Alpan
The Revival of the Industrial Heritage in Eskisehir-Turkey Through the Rehabilitation of the Porsuk River
Eskisehir is a riverfront city and it is one of the first cities that gained industrial character in Turkish Republic founded in 1923. The Porsuk River divides the city into two and the industrial sites lie in an eastward-westward direction along the River. During the industrialization process of the city, most of the factories and enterprises were established along Porsuk, causing pollution. After 1965, high rise buildings constructed along the River damaged the previous visual perception of the River. Increasing high-rise buildings accompanied by increasing population and vehicular traffic damaged the ‘urban image’ of the River causing in neglect and ignorance. In the 2000s, the Porsuk River’s value as a ‘being’ was rediscovered and it was benefitted as an urban resource. Through the urban renewal works of the local government, plans on the theme of “the riverfront and the city” commenced. In 2010, the municipality rehabilitated approximately 10 km -the part flowing through the city- of the River and improved the riverbank. The process acted as a catalyst and triggered others. This study discusses the current and possible future role of the rehabilitation of the Porsuk River in the improvement of industrial heritage in Eskisehir.
4. Konstantina Zerva, Saida Palou, Dani Blasco, and Jose Antonio Donaire Benit
Tourism-Phillia Vs Tourism-Phobia: Evolution of Residents and DMO’s Perceptions in Barcelona
This paper aims to show if and how hosts’ public narratives of tourism have changed in the particular case of the city of Barcelona (Spain) from 2004 to 2015, analysing any common and opposing points of their argumentation over time. These narratives represent the perspectives of two opposing groups of hosts: residents and Destination Management Organisations (DMOs). We used thematic analysis to portray their public discourse, as expressed in the residents’ magazine Carrer, and the annual reports of Turisme de Barcelona. Our findings show a clear division between the residents’ tourismphobic perception and the DMO’s tourism-philic one which appear to reach a common ground over time
Conference Report:
Eamon Reid
Regeneration of Disused Industrial Heritage Spaces of Europe and Beyond: Recreated Spaces, Transformed Communities and Contested Sustainability?
This Special Issue journal would not have been possible without the sharing and transferal of knowledge that took place in at De Ceuvel, Amsterdam. The site is an award-winning community based ‘bottom-up’ project initiated by the architect Sascha Glasl. The Amsterdam workshop intended to provide a forum for an exchange of ideas concerning innovative community-based projects (De Ceuvel – a business park constituted out of an assemblage of disused boats and structures – is such a project) and the intersection between planning and community identities. The workshop featured academics, researchers, graduate students, and community-based activists. Presentations ranged from local (i.e., Dutch) re-deployments of industrial heritage to global examples of industrial regeneration and community development
Special Edition 2017
Historic Built Environments and its adaptability today: Transforming contemporary Turkish urban entities
Contents
| Editorial: | |
Collective memories, vernacular architecture and transforming historic urban identities of Turkey and beyond |
1 – 8 Click here |
| Articles: | |
The conservation of urban identity and memory in spatial planning: An assessment of Yassida |
9-22 Click here |
The Integration of groves into urban fabric: Green Infrastructure in Istanbul
|
23-51 Click here |
Semantic transformation of public open space: Bursa Republican Square |
52-66 Click here |
The effect of socio-cultural changes on urban areas: Kadikoy historical district bazaar |
67-76 Click here |
Gokce Onal Ketizmen and Hatice Dulger Involvement of riverfront as a natural artefact into urban public life: eskisehir Porsuk Case |
77-89 Click here |
Town Planning and design prospects from Turkey: Bursa and Kocaeli urban design studio |
90-107 Click here |
| Commentary: | |
Transitioning Cities: A commentary on Cities in Transition and beyond |
107-119 Click here |
Abstracts
Editorial
Tasleem Shakur
Collective memories, vernacular architecture and transforming historic urban identities of Turkey and beyond.
Conserving the ‘idea’ (the image of memory) of what a built environment should be and what it should represent-as the environment pertains to the memory- seems to be one of the important dynamics of contemporary design. Perhaps this becomes more of a fundamental pre-requisite when the focus is on historic built environments and in more specifically when relating to the regeneration of historic urban identities. For example, some research in the Mediterranean region suggest that their traditional towns provide unique ‘sense of place’ to those who voluntarily, or involuntarily, left those sites and now live elsewhere (Shakur, T, 2015). Also, experience of heritage architecture, planning and urban design from both developed and developing world in the 21st century suggest that development plans, have produced visibly vibrant communities. In some cases, while there do exist serious contestations of land uses, however, the end product still appear to have favoured the communities living or working in those spaces (ibid.).
Articles
Bilge Ulusay Alpay, Pelin Gokur and Iclal Kaya Alpay
The conservation of urban identity and memory in spatial planning: An assessment of Yassida
The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of urban identity conservation and collective memory through the case of Yassiada’s planning approaches. Located within the borders of the city of Istanbul, Yassiada is among the islands of the Prince archipelago. Situated at a visible distance from the Marmara coasts of Istanbul, the island is not open to public as it is not zoned for residential use and it was used as a military zone in the past. With a quality which is reflecting the history, social and political dynamics of an era, the island is the spatial image of a community that acknowledged a common past, meaning and memory; that is a qualified whole of an urban identity and collective memory. It has now been zoned for construction with tourism and cultural facility functions as outlined in the 2013 plans. The Yassiada case demonstrates that plans with no strategies and policies in relation to identity and memory do not achieve their objectives.
Erdem Kaya, Meltem and Kaya. H, Serdar
The Integration of groves into urban fabric: Green Infrastructure in Istanbul
İstanbul as a metropolitan city has been experiencing uncontrolled urbanization since the 1950’s. Massive migration movements and the construction of the two bridges in 1973 and 1988, appeared as catalysts in this process and led the growth of the city in an east-westward direction as well as through the northern natural reserve areas. The pace and the scale of the spatial growth has become one of the major threats to the natural areas at the periphery of the city as well as to the green and open spaces within the city center. The problem of urban spread toward green areas at the periphery and urban intensification in the center has led the loss of a considerable amount of green areas and a decline ecological sustainability. One of the most prominent effects of urbanization can be observed in the patchy structure of urban green which includes both actively used areas, such as neighborhood parks and passive green areas.
Within this densely built-up environment, large green areas (as a major component of the urban green) are represented in the form of urban parks, groves and cemeteries that date back to the 19th century. Therefore protection, maintenance and enhancement of those historic landscapes has become one of the crucial issues for sustainable development. However, just like other green areas within the city center, those sites are threatened by development pressure and uncontrolled manipulations that lead change in the character as well as change in the physical quality. It is obvious that there is an urgent need for an approach and methodology to integrate those historical landscapes into the existing urban green.
Sibel Polat and Neslihan Dostoglu
Semantic transformation of public open space: Bursa Republican Square
Today, urban dilapidation experienced in many city centres related to different reasons affect also public open spaces which become a current issue with discussions about privatisation, disappearance and obsolescence. In this context, public open spaces become an important agenda to revitalize city centres and to rediscover them again in terms of “loss of place identity” issues and efforts “to reinforce place identity”. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate transformation of public open spaces in terms of identity and urban memory. In this context, the identity of Republic Square located in Bursa city centre was analysed from past to present. Different methods were used to realize this case study, such as archival and literature review, basic observation and deep interviews with 30 users. As a conclusion, it was revealed that environmental aesthetics are still sustained in the square, but spatial experiments and behaviours of users have changed in a negative way due to the power of global capital related to the changing social structure in cities.
Tunali Selma
The effect of socio-cultural changes on urban areas: Kadikoy historical district bazaar
The 1980’s was the period when socio-cultural, socio-economic and socio-political balances of Turkey started to change and transform. Many factors such as the entry of international capital, the acceleration of rural/urban migration and the diversification of consumption patterns have brought about major changes in the social fabric. Nowadays, Turkey is faced with many problems. For instance: the majority of the people who migrate to cities remain in the informal economy; formal production has decreased; the public is lead to consumption; the diversity of consumption has increased; social segregation has occurred and city newcomers have a tough time adapting to the urban culture. Sociological and economic changes are occurring in the social structure, such as the introduction of new consumption items to the society (which has been the target of the international capital), lack of time, changes in the supply-demand balance due to the new socio-economic structure, the increase of mass media is directly reflected in the urban fabric and the culture; continuing with increasing speed with the globalization phenomenon of the 2000s. During the process of the rural-urban flow, an unbalanced demographic structuring has taken form and cities have grown from the centers to the outskirts in a crooked, structureless fashion. Nowadays cities are packed with buildings that are constructed without a plan and the city centers are rapidly changing their character with the construction of rather large and tall buildings.
Ayse Duygu Kacar, Aysen Celen Ozturk, Terane Burnak, Gokce Onal Ketizmen and Hatice Dulger
Involvement of riverfront as a natural artefact into urban public life: eskisehir Porsuk Case
All human settlements have different characteristics from each other. These differences grow out of natural environmental conditions, as well as the socio-economic and cultural circumstances gained in historical development process. Each settlement has its own characteristics such as geological position, geographical location, evolution in historical development process, etc. Although the commercial, industrial, cultural and demographical analyses introduce important data to define the structure of the city, it is not possible to understand the singularity (the singular, unique nature of a city) with this kind of data. In order to lay out the singularity, a study that is concentrated on a single city, one should specify the properties that make it different from other modern cities. Two significant artifacts shape Eskisehir’s urban structure: One of these is a natural artifact, the Porsuk River and the other one is the railway. These artifacts shifted the city’s development in an eastward-westward direction. The paper takes Aldo Rossis artifact theory in order to locate a theoretical framework in wich to define the singularity and identify the Porsuk River as a natural artifact. Within this scope, the student works, analyses and designs, which borrow elements from the urban image theory of Kevin Lynch, in the Urban Design Studio of Eskisehir Osmangazi University in 2013-2014 (Fall Semester) will be discussed.
Ersan Koc
Town Planning and design prospects from Turkey: Bursaand Kocaeli urban design studio
This paper aims to speculate upon findings and experience on a design studio study, which was carried out in the Department of Architecture of Kocaeli University Faculty of Architecture and Design in İznik District of Bursa and Kandıra district of Kocaeli province of Turkey. The urban design studio was carried out in order to evaluate the findings of the studio “Studio upma+T: urban/public/mixed use/agriculture + transformation” which was carried out by the author in fall and spring semesters of 2016 and 2017, together with interdisciplinary participants from urban planning, architects, regional developers and landscape architects. The aim of this study is to develop transformational urban design projects with the aim of bringing high public values in the middle and long term to the city by considering urban design of İznik and Kandıra as a workshop. The focus of the workshop is on identifying, evaluating, analysing, synthesizing, developing the theme and developing the “Public Space” and “Common Area” and adding “Value” to the towns and overall city image. The examination of the workshop was coordinated in relation to topics: “a. cultural and historical basis, b. natural and environmental resources, environmental planning and design, c. social and economic formation and dynamics, and d. spatial structure, settlement texture and settlement plan. Throughout the İznik Urban Design Workshop, 5 socio-spatial concepts were identified that can be used to inform the design process and create urban development opportunities within İznik.
Commentary
Eamon Reid
Transitioning Cities: A commentary on Cities in Transition and beyond.
This commentary combines two readings: a re-reading of Shakur’s (2005) edited volume Cities in Transition and a conceptual interpretation of the articles presented in this volume. This reading discusses the notion that contemporary “developed” cities (developed world cities) are transitioning in contemporary times alongside “developing” cities. The conservation of vernacular architecture in the contemporary context could be linked to wider political and conceptual concerns. Drawing on fieldwork observations and the interpretation of literature, the author attempts to re-translate and re-interpret articles from Shakur’s edited volume alongside contemporary developments. The emphasis is on the political: the political and conceptual questions raised through re-interpretation of problematics pertaining to collective memory, the role of the vernacular and the contestation of space. How can we understand the problems opened by Cities in Transition and the problems left open by the articles in this volume, pertaining to the political constraints of implementing thoroughly conceived plans? The commentaries modest goal is to open the space for debate and discussion relating to the political dimensions of the built environment, including construction and design.